In Brief
- Q1 2022 saw falls in most asset classes, with the main exception being commodities and commodity-producing regions.
- Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was a key event within the quarter regarding market impact, as the sanctions imposed in response raised the prices of oil, gas, metals and agricultural products, given Russia’s importance as a commodity exporter.
- Inflation and central bank tightening to try to tame it were other major factors leading to market volatility and falling bond prices.
Quarter Overview
2022 began with concerns about rising inflation and nervousness around a build-up of Russian forces at the border of Ukraine, which drove oil prices higher. Inflation continued to rise almost worldwide to levels not seen for 30 years in developed markets. To combat this, central banks began guiding towards much faster rate rises than markets had expected, which led to rising bond yields, falling bond prices and a sell-off in more highly-priced equities in January.
February 2022 will sadly be remembered as the month that Russia invaded Ukraine. In addition to the deeply troubling impact on human lives, markets also took fright, leading to a sell-off in equities. Given how big an energy exporter Russia is, gas and oil prices spiked towards the end of the month after already having risen in response to rising tensions and low gas inventories. This has served to push global inflation expectations up and global growth expectations down.
March saw the world come to terms with the atrocity of war in Ukraine, albeit heartened by the resilience of the Ukrainian people. There was a glimmer of optimism towards the end of the month as Russia seemed to signal that their ‘military operation’ was nearing an end. Markets rightly treated this with scepticism, but the month also saw investors begin to refocus on inflation and central bank tightening as the key risks to investments.
Overall, the first quarter saw generally poor market performance across most asset classes with the main exception of commodities and commodity exposed equities and regions. Commodities tend to benefit from higher inflation, but prices rose further because of shortages resulting from sanctions on commodity exporting to Russia after they invaded Ukraine. Emerging market bonds were the worst-performing asset class, suffering from rising yields and the bonds of major constituent Russia falling due to sanctions. Continental European equities also fell heavily after the invasion, given Europe’s dependence on Russian gas for energy needs. As measured by the VIX index, market volatility rose almost 20% over the quarter. Developed market equities (as measured by the MSCI World Index, including dividends) fell 2.4% in sterling terms over the quarter. The commodity-heavy FTSE 100 returned 3% over the quarter, including dividends. Emerging market equities (MSCI EM Index) fell just over 4% over Q1. Global bond yields rose steadily over the quarter, leading to higher quality bonds (as measured by the Bloomberg Global Aggregate Index) falling by 5%. Lower quality ‘high yield’ bonds also fell just over 5%. Oil was up 39% over Q1, whilst gold rose 5.9%.
Data source: Financial Express
Indices used (including interest & dividends): Defensive Investment Grade Bonds – GBP hedged Bloomberg Global Aggregate Index; Riskier Bonds (High Yield) – GBP hedged Bloomberg Global High Yield Index, Developed World Equities – MSCI World Index in GBP; Emerging Market Equities – MSCI Emerging Markets Index in GBP; FTSE 100 (UK Large Capitalisation Equities)
Diving into stylistic performance within indices, cheaper ‘value’ companies, which generally include oil and gas companies, outperformed over the quarter, up just over 2%. Smaller companies fell slightly more than world equities, down almost 4%, whilst ‘high price’ securities, often described as growth, momentum, and quality companies, underperformed over the quarter, down just over 7%.
Data source: Financial Express
Indices used (including interest & dividends): Developed World Equities – MSCI World Index in GBP; Growth Equities – MSCI The World Growth Index; Value Equities – MSCI World Value Index; Small Company Equities – MSCI World Small Cap Index
The pound had a weaker quarter overall. It fell 2.8% against the US dollar and 0.6% against the euro but was up 2.5% against the yen, which weakened dramatically.
PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW
The PortfolioMetrix Core portfolios had a subdued quarter. Asset allocation was a slight headwind due to a small overweight to emerging markets and Chinese domestic A-shares, which performed poorly. Active fund performance also detracted over the quarter, mainly due to UK funds holding a higher weight to underperforming UK small and mid-sized companies during a period where large companies in the UK outperformed.
Sustainable World portfolios also had a weaker quarter, with their tilt towards underperforming quality/growth companies detracting over January. However, they had a better rest of the quarter and continue to enjoy significant long-term structural drivers as the world shifts to focus more on environmental and social issues.
LOOKING FORWARD
Moving into the second quarter of 2022, the prevailing worry on global investors’ minds is again inflation and central bank tightening in response. The acute geopolitical risk of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and in particular worries over NATO being sucked into the conflict and dark threats from Russia over the use of nuclear weapons, has faded somewhat. However, sanctions on commodity exporter Russia are feeding into higher inflation, which is very much still significantly affecting economies and markets.
Source: Deloitte COVID-19 Economics Monitor, 22 March 2022
Western economies haven’t had to deal with serious inflation for decades, but its corrosive effects on everyone are starting to become all too apparent. As just one example, energy costs for consumers are increasing quite dramatically. Energy markets (in the form of the oil and natural gas that fuel power stations, cars, and homes) are global, so a disruption in Russian gas exports affects all countries, even those that don’t import much Russian gas, such as the UK.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets Q2 2022
And not only is inflation serious for individuals, but it can also hinder economic growth. Firstly, consumers who have to spend more on electricity, heating their homes and transport have less money left over to spend on the other goods and services that make up the economy. Secondly, to tame inflation, central banks need to tighten monetary policy by raising interest rates and stopping or reversing quantitative easing. Tightening directly slows economic growth by raising interest rates, making borrowing more expensive for companies and individuals. Central banks are already tightening, with much more expected from here.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets Q2 2022
Perhaps the biggest market worry at present is that central banks will be forced, by inflation, to raise rates so high (or simply raise too much by mistake) that this will choke off growth completely in the future, causing a recession. This is indeed a risk, and growth expectations are coming down, but it is by no means inevitable, given that economies are still projected to grow faster than they have historically as they recover from COVID lockdowns.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets Q2 2022
Nevertheless, there are other risks out there that could precipitate market falls and possibly recessions.
The war in Ukraine continues, so the risk of an escalation remains – everything from Russia using chemical or tactical nuclear weapons within Ukraine to NATO somehow being dragged into the conflict. Given their historically friendly ties, an essential wildcard at present is whether China steps in to assist Russia more directly. Given China’s global heft, this would risk Western sanctions on China, which would likely be far more disruptive than those on Russia. According to the World Bank, Russia had only about 1.7% of the world GDP in 2020, whereas China had 17%.
COVID also isn’t quite done with us. Of course, a new variant is a risk to all. Still, whilst the effects of Omicron have been relatively benign for countries that struggled through previous variants, it is currently wreaking havoc in China. China has, up to now, successfully maintained a zero COVID policy but is struggling to do so with many more Omicron infections. Abandoning the policy would be difficult given China’s population hasn’t built up immunity from prior infections, and their home-grown vaccines appear to be less protective. Still, at the same time, the lockdowns it imposes negatively impact growth and aren’t entirely stamping out the virus.
Then there remain the usual political risks, the biggest of which is that Eurosceptic and NATO-sceptic Marine Le Pen beats favourite Emmanuel Macron in the second round of the French elections on 24 April. Such a victory would immensely damage the unity that Europe has shown in the face of Russian aggression and complicate EU decision-making more widely.
Despite these risks, we remain cautiously optimistic about our portfolios. Equities as a whole still have some upside, given strong earnings expectations, and they do have the potential to outperform even current high levels of inflation.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets Q2 2022
Valuations also look reasonable for equities in most regions, except for the US.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets Q2 2022
Cash and bonds are, however, much more problematic from an after-inflation returns perspective. They remain crucial for diversification and controlling risk in portfolios. Still, we have been actively seeking alternative asset classes that should provide further diversification and better withstand inflation. We currently use high-yield bonds, emerging market bonds, listed infrastructure and real estate for this, but we have some active research projects looking at other possibilities. Overall, though, we continue to favour diversification to build portfolios that should flourish over the long term but are robust to the uncertainties we face over the near term.
DATA: MONETARY POLICY* (RATES & EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES)
The first quarter of 2022 saw dramatic tightening by several developed and emerging market central banks. The US Federal Reserve raised rates by 0.25%, stopped quantitative easing (stopped buying US bonds), and dramatically increased its guidance around future rate rises, while the Bank of England tightened rates by 0.5% and began to reverse its quantitative easing. Almost the sole exception was the Chinese central bank, which loosened its policy slightly to mitigate the isolated lockdowns the country is still using to control COVID.
DATA: GLOBAL ECONOMIES
GDP figures released in the first quarter were for Q4 2021 and were generally positive as economies continued to recover from COVID-19 disruption. Inflation generally increased during the first quarter, in many cases to levels not seen for decades, and unemployment generally fell as economies continued to recover from COVID-19.
DATA: ASSET CLASSES
Note: The above are total returns, including dividends and interest payments. Asset classes with the “HDG” label are currency hedged to pounds sterling, which means that foreign currency movements are removed. Those with the “£” label indicate that we are reporting returns to British holders, which includes the effects of the foreign currency moves non-UK listed securities are exposed to.
Data source: Financial Express
Indices used: Bank of England SONIA, GBP hedged version of FTSE World Government Bond Index, GBP hedged version of FTSE WorldBIG Corporate Index, GBP hedged Bloomberg Global High Yield Index, GBP hedged version of FTSE Global Emerging Markets US Dollar Government Bond Index, MSCI North American Index, MSCI Europe ex-UK Index, FTSE All Share Index, MSCI Japan Index, MSCI Pacific ex-Japan Index, MSCI EM Index, FTSE Global Core Infrastructure 50/50 Index, FTSE EPRA NAREIT Global Index and S&P Goldman Sachs Commodity Index
DATA: INDICES, COMMODITIES, CURRENCIES
Key
- The FTSE 100 is an index of the 100 largest companies by market capitalisation listed on the London Stock Exchange. Crucially, while these companies are priced in sterling, the majority of their revenues come from outside the UK, making the FTSE 100 more of a global rather than domestic UK index.
- The MSCI World Index gauges global developed market equity performance. This is heavily influenced by US equity performance, which makes up more than half of the index as the world’s biggest equity market. This is not to be confused with the MSCI All-Country World Index, which includes developed and emerging market equities.
- MSCI Emerging Market Index measures emerging market equity performance.
- Bloomberg Global Aggregate Index represents global investment-grade bond markets, mostly made up of government bonds.
- Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (VIX) measures implied volatility in the S&P 500 Index (how volatile market participants expect big US equities to be/how risky they view them to be). It is also known as the “fear index,” with higher numbers crudely representing “more fear” in markets and lower numbers crudely representing “more greed.”
- Brent Crude Oil prices are a key indicator of movements in the global oil market, the world’s most important commodity as it is such an important input into economic activity (in providing energy and as a raw material in production of materials such as plastics).
Data Source: PortfolioMetrix, Bloomberg
*Glossary of Financial Terms
- Hedging back to sterling: Currency fluctuations can be eliminated by “hedging” the foreign currency back to the pound. In this way, a UK investor holding a US government bond or bond fund would not experience changes to the pound-to-US dollar exchange rate, and their holding would be much less volatile/risky.
- High yield: High-yield debt is rated below investment grade and is riskier. Its higher yield compensates for this additional risk.
- Monetary Policy: The decisions central banks make to influence the money supply in an economy, primarily the setting of base rates, but also through certain extraordinary measures such as quantitative easing.
- Quantitative easing: Quantitative easing refers to expansionary efforts by central banks to help increase the money supply in the economy (and help indirectly lift the economy). It involves the central bank purchasing financial assets, mainly government bonds.
- Quantitative tightening: A mechanism for decreasing the money supply in the economy to cool excess growth (above a stable level). It involves the central bank allowing purchased bonds to mature or, in more extreme cases, selling previously purchased financial assets.
- Quarterly vs annualised growth rates: Some national statistical agencies prefer to quote country growth levels in a quarter as an actual quarterly rate (the estimate of growth over three months, x, sometimes referred to as “on-quarter” growth), whilst others prefer to quote the growth over the quarter on an annualised basis (i.e. assume the growth over three months continued for a year, approximately 4x). Unless specified otherwise, we quote only annualised rates using actual calculations rather than the simplified approximation of annual rate = 4 x quarterly rate.
This document is only for professional financial advisers, their clients, and their prospective clients. The information given here is for information purposes only and is not intended to constitute financial, legal, tax, investment, or other professional advice. It should not be relied upon as such, and PortfolioMetrix cannot accept any liability for loss for doing so. Any forecasts, expected future returns or expected future volatilities are not guaranteed and should not be relied upon. The value of investments and the income from them can go down as well as up, and you may not recover the amount of your original investment. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. Portfolio holdings and asset allocation can change at any time without notice. PortfolioMetrix Asset Management Ltd is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Full calculation methodology available on request.
